TFPI2 and NDRG4 gene promoter methylation analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are novel epigenetic noninvasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer diagnosis

Abstract Background As a result of the growing prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC), new screening and early detection methods are required. Among the novel biomarkers, DNA methylation has emerged as a high‐potential diagnosis/screening molecular marker. The present study aimed to assess non‐invasive early diagnosis of CRC by examining promoter methylation of TFPI2 and NDRG4 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Fifty CRC patients and 50 normal controls were recruited to the present study. Quantitative methylation of the promoter region of the TFPI2 and NDRG4 genes was analyzed in DNA extracted from PBMCs of all cases and control subjects using a methylation‐quantification endonuclease‐resistant DNA (MethyQESD) method. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the TFPI2 gene for the diagnosis of CRC was 88% and 92%, respectively, and, for the NDRG4 gene, it was 86% and 92%, respectively. The methylation range for the TFPI2 gene was 43.93% and 11.56% in patients and controls, respectively, and, for the NDRG4 gene, it was 38.8% in CRC patients and 12.23% in healthy controls ( p < 0.001). In addition, we observed that a higher percentage of methylation was correlated with the higher stage of CRC. Conclusions The results of the present study reveal that PBMCs are reliable sources of methylation analysis for CRC screening. Furthermore, the TFPI2 and NDRG4 genes provide sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity to be nominated for use in a novel noninvasive CRC screening method in PBMCs.