Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hypertension

Hypertension remains a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, yet its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of hypertension. This review explores the association between inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and hypertension. These biomarkers are not only indicators of inflammation but also active participants in the processes that elevate blood pressure, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immune system activation. Cytokines play a pivotal role in vascular remodeling and renal dysfunction, underscoring the inflammatory underpinnings of hypertension. Additionally, novel composite biomarkers like the monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) have been identified as valuable tools for assessing the inflammatory state in hypertensive patients. While renal denervation has emerged as a promising treatment for resistant hypertension, its impact on inflammatory biomarkers remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further research.