Advancements in Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Dynamic Heavy Metal Adsorption: A Review

Abstract In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of integrated hydroxyapatite‐based materials for fixed bed continuous flow column adsorption processes in industrial wastewater treatment, particularly for the removal of heavy metals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in this specialized application, focusing on the principles, materials, operating parameters, and performance evaluation criteria specific to the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The advantages and challenges associated with hydroxyapatite‐based adsorption processes for heavy metal removal are discussed, as well as possible future research directions, with particular emphasis on the environmentally friendly and cost‐effective aspects. By presenting a synthesis of the current state of the art technologies and methodologies for heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater, this review contributes to the development of sustainable and cost‐effective strategies for the management of industrial wastewater pollution.