Cellulose-Based Aerogels for Environmentally Sustainable Applications: A Review of the Production, Modification, and Sorption of Environmental Contaminants

Environmental pollution, stemming from the disposal of contaminants, poses severe threats to ecosystems and human health. The emergence of a new class of pollutants, termed emerging contaminants (ECs), in soil, water, and air has raised global concerns, aligning with the UN 2030 Agenda's Sustainable Development Goals. Aerogels, three-dimensional structures with high porosity and low density, offer promise in addressing this issue. Cellulose-based aerogels, derived from abundant, renewable, and biodegradable sources, particularly stand out for their potential in adsorption applications. However, challenges arise in water and wastewater treatment due to cellulose aerogel's inherent hydrophilicity. To overcome this limitation, incorporating new components and employing modification processes becomes essential. This article explores the production phases and diverse modifications of cellulose aerogels, aiming to enhance their adsorption capabilities for various environmental contaminants. By addressing hydrophilicity issues and developing stable composites, cellulose aerogels can contribute significantly to efficient and sustainable solutions in the quest for cleaner ecosystems and improved human health.