Hansblockite, (Cu,Hg)(Bi,Pb)Se2, the monoclinic polymorph of grundmannite: a new mineral from the Se mineralization at El Dragón (Bolivia)

Abstract Hansblockite, ideally (Cu,Hg)(Bi,Pb)Se 2 , is a new selenide from the El Dragón mine, Bolivia. It typically occurs in thin subparallel plates intergrown with two unnamed Cu–Hg–Pb–Bi–Se species, clausthalite, Corich penroseite and petrovicite.It also forms subhedral to anhedral grains up to 150 μm long and 50 μm wide. Hansblockite is non-fluorescent, black and opaque with a metallic lustre and black streak. It is brittle, with an irregular fracture and no obvious parting and cleavage. The VHN 20 values range from37 to 50 (mean 42) kg mm –2 (Mohs hardness 2–2½). In plane-polarized incident light, hansblockite is cream to light grey in colour, weakly bireflectant and weakly pleochroic from greyish cream to cream. Under crossed polars, hansblockite is weakly anisotropic withkhaki to pale blue rotation tints. The reflectance values in air for the Commission on Ore Mineralogy (COM) standard wavelengths are: 47.3–48.1 (470 nm), 47.4–49.9 (546 nm), 47.1–49.0 (589 nm) and 46.6–48.5 (650 nm). The mean composition is Cu 9.31, Ag 0.73, Hg 11.43,Pb 3.55, Ni 0.17, Co 0.03, Bi 31.17, Se 34.00, total 100.39 wt.%. The mean empirical formula (based on 4 apfu) is (Cu 0.68 Hg 0.27 Ag 0.03 Ni 0.01 ) ∑=0.99 (Bi 0.69 Pb 0.31 ) ∑=1.00 Se 2.01 . The simplifiedformula is (Cu,Hg) (Bi,Pb)Se 2 . Hansblockite is monoclinic, space group P 2 1 / c , with a = 6.853(1), b = 7.635(1), c = 7.264(1) Å, β = 97.68(1)°, V = 376.66(9) Å 3 and Z = 4. Density is 8.26 gcm –3 . The five strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines [ d in Å ( I / I 0 ) ( hkl )] are: 3.97 (90) (111), 3.100 (40) (121), 2.986 (100) (211), 2.808 (50) (112) and 2.620 (50) (022). Hansblockite represents the monoclinic polymorph ofgrundmannite, CuBiSe 2 , with Hg and Pb being essential in stabilizing the monoclinic structure via the coupled substitution Cu + + Bi 3+ ⇔ Hg 2+ + Pb 2+ . The mineral name is in honour of Hans Block (1881–1953), in recognition of hisimportant role in boosting Bolivian ore mining.