Divergent sensitivity of vegetation to aridity between drylands and humid regions

The land surface has been drying over recent decades, which is inconsistent with the greening of the Earth. The extent and spatial variation in the sensitivity of vegetation to aridity changes in drylands and humid regions remain unclear. In this study, satellite observation and reanalysis data were used to analyze the relationship between vegetation growth and atmospheric aridity changes in different climatological regions on a global scale. Our results showed that the leaf area index (LAI) increased at a rate of 0.032/decade from 1982 to 2014, while the aridity index (AI) increased slightly at a rate of 0.005/decade. Over the past three decades, the sensitivity of the LAI to AI has decreased in drylands and increased in humid regions. Thus, the LAI and AI were decoupled in drylands, whereas the effect of aridity on vegetation was enhanced in humid regions during the study period. The physical and physiological effects of increasing CO2 concentration are responsible for the divergent responses of vegetation sensitivity to aridity in drylands and humid regions. The results of the structural equation models showed that the effect of increasing CO2 concentration via LAI and temperature, with respect to decreasing AI, enhanced the negative relationship between LAI and AI in humid regions. The greenhouse effect of increasing CO2 concentration resulted in an increase in temperature and a reduction in aridity, whereas the fertilization effect of CO2 increased LAI, thus creating an inconsistent trend with LAI and AI in drylands.