The surgical management of patellofemoral instability: when is an isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction indicated?

Many factors contribute to patellofemoral instability. Surgical intervention may include additional procedures to reconstruct the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). This review attempts to ascertain from the literature whether there is a threshold for when an isolated MPFL reconstruction will suffice and when an additional procedure would be required.