Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties of rare earth element nanoparticles and its application in electrochemical nanosensor for the detection of various biomolecules and hazardous compounds: A review

The utilization of nanoparticles of rare earth elements (REEs) has gained considerable interest and represents an advancement over micron-sized rare earth materials due to the distinct quantum properties exhibited by nanoparticles. These unique properties make rare-earth-based nanomaterials highly suitable for diverse applications, particularly in the field of electrochemical nanosensors due to their great electrochemical properties. As a result, conducting research, development, synthesis, and analysis of rare earth nanoparticles are indispensable. This review emphasizes the comprehensive overview of the electrochemical development of rare earth nanoparticles, offering insights into their synthesis methods, characterization, electrochemical properties, and their application in electrochemical nanosensors for the detection of various biomolecules and hazardous compounds. The impact of nanoparticle size and electrode surface modifications on the electrochemical performance have been discussed. The sensing mechanisms, selectivity, sensitivity, linear range, and detection limits of these nanosensors have also been highlighted. The studies discussed in this review have demonstrated remarkably low detection limits, ranging from 0.044 nM for pyridoxine detection to 3.3 μM for nitrite detection. These findings underscore the high sensitivity achieved by the methods explored, emphasizing their potential for precise and accurate detection of target analytes. The wide range of potential applications in the detection of various biomolecules and hazardous compounds is emphasized, showcasing the versatility and potential impact of rare earth element nanoparticles in various fields. The knowledge presented in this review serves as a valuable resource for further research, providing insights into the current state of research and future prospects in the field of rare earth element nanoparticles and electrochemical nanosensors.