Supporting the Growing Infant: From Human Milk to Specialized Infant Formulas

Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for infant nutrition, providing optimal components essential for growth, development, and immune protection. Many infants receive formula either partially or exclusively due to a range of medical, personal, or logistical reasons. This review outlines the nutritional composition of HM and discusses how infant formulas are designed to approximate its properties. Standard cow's milk formulas remain the most commonly used, but numerous specialized formulas, such as hydrolyzed, amino acid–based, and plant-based, offer tailored options for infants with specific medical or nutritional needs. Emerging preferences for European formulas and alternatives are also discussed, along with guidance on appropriate use and preparation. Ultimately, infants who are formula fed can achieve normal growth when provided with appropriately selected and prepared formulas under professional guidance. Understanding the composition, indications, and limitations of each formula type enables clinicians to support diverse feeding choices while promoting optimal infant growth and development.