Use of Cultured Cell Lines in Studies of Intestinal Cell Differentiation and Function

The sections in this article are: 1 Cellular Models 1.1 Cell Lines From Normal Tissues 1.2 Cell Lines From Chemically Induced Tumors 1.3 Human Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines 1.3.1 Caco-2: A Highly Enterocytelike Differentiated Cell Line 1.3.2 HT-29: A Pluripotent Intestinal Cell Line 1.3.3 T84: A Functionally Well-Differentiated Chloride-Secreting Cell 1.3.4 Other Cell Lines as Potential Models for Study of Intestinal Cell Differentiation and Function 2 Use of Cultured Cells for Study of Enterocytic Differentiation and Polarization 2.1 Polarized Organization of Enterocytes: Current Knowledge and Limitations 2.1.1 Brush-Border Enzymes 2.1.2 Organization of Microvillar Filaments 2.1.3 Cultured Cells as Necessary Tools for Study of Organization of Cell Polarity 2.2 HT-29 and Caco-2 Cells as in Vitro Models: Advantages and Limitations 2.3 What Can We Learn From HT-29 and Caco-2 Cells? 2.3.1 Biosynthesis, Intracellular Transport, and Control of the Expression of Microvillar Hydrolases 2.3.2 Expression of Structural Microvillar Proteins 2.3.3 Expression of Cell Surface Receptors 3 Use of Cultured Cells for Study of Neurohormonal Receptors 3.1 Expression of Neurohormonal Receptors: Normal Intestine Versus Cell Line 3.2 Receptor Studies 3.2.1 Vip Receptors 3.2.2 α2-Adrenergic Receptors 3.2.3 Receptors for Growth Factors 4 Use of Cultured Cells for Study of Intestinal Transport 4.1 Transport Properties of Cultured Intestinal Cells 4.1.1 Development of Existing Models 4.1.2 Methodology of Transport Studies in Cultured Cells 4.1.3 Functional Properties in Basal State 4.2 Regulation of Intestinal Transport: Effect of Secretagogues 4.2.1 Effect of Camp and Related Compounds 4.2.2 Effect of Other Substances 4.3 Comparison With Other Existing Models: Possible Future Developments 4.3.1 Ionic Secretion 4.3.2 Present Limitations and Possible Future Developments 5 Use of Cultured Cells for Study of Metabolic Functions 5.1 Colonic Malignant Cells as Models for Study of Glucose Metabolism 5.2 HT-29 Glucose-Negative Cells: Model for Study of Gluconeogenesis 6 Potential Use of Cultured Cells for Other Studies 7 Conclusion