Integrating multi-omics, EWAS, and reverse network toxicology to explore environmental pollutant risks in erectile dysfunction

Background Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly prevalent worldwide, arising from complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental exposure. Real-world exposure involves complex chemical mixtures that may induce synergistic toxicity, which traditional methods struggle to elucidate. This study integrates multi-omics data with reverse network toxicology to systematically identify causal molecular targets and environmental pollutants underlying ED risk, thereby clarifying their mechanisms. Methods We performed summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) integrating proteomic (pQTL), transcriptomic (eQTL), and DNA methylation (mQTL) data to identify plasma proteins, gene expression levels, and methylation sites causally linked to ED, with false positives excluded via HEIDI tests. The identified targets were used to screen environmental pollutants in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database Toxicity was predicted using ADMETlab 3.0 and ProTox-III, followed by molecular docking to validate interactions. Functional assays in HUVECs assessed the role of FIS1 and the effects of benzo[a]pyrene. Results pQTL-SMR analysis identified 28 plasma proteins significantly associated with ED risk, with consistent effects in both discovery and validation cohorts. Integrated eQTL and mQTL analyses further prioritized FIS1, TNFSF12, and CNP as core targets linked to ED at the protein, gene expression, and methylation. Multi-omics evidence revealed that distinct methylation sites within these genes differentially regulate transcription and translation, exerting different impacts on ED. Using these targets, we screened four environmental pollutants—bisphenol F, tetrabromobisphenol A, benzo[a]pyrene, and chlorpyrifos—as potential regulators. Toxicity predictions indicated mutagenic, cytotoxic, or endocrine-disrupting potential for these compounds. Molecular docking confirmed stable binding to the target proteins (binding free energy ΔG < −5.0 kcal/mol). In vitro experiments showed that inhibition of FIS1 expression suppressed HUVEC proliferation and mitochondrial function, and exposure to benzo[a]pyrene similarly impaired these processes and reduced FIS1 expression. Conclusion This study delineates a potential “environmental pollutant–molecular target–ED” mechanistic pathway, offering new insights into the environmental etiology of ED and establishing a theoretical basis for risk assessment and targeted prevention strategies.