Objective To explore the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty in the treatment of vertebral compression fracture.Methods 90 patients with vertebral compression fractures in our hospital from March 2010 to March 2012 were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with 45 cases in each group. Patients in the experimental group were treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty,while patients in the control group were treated with conservative treatment measures. The clinical effects were compared between two groups. Results The VAS scores at 2 day, 2 weeks and 1 month of treatment of experimental group were significantly lower than those of control group(P 0.05). The JOA scores at 2 day, 2 weeks and 1 month of treatment of experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group(P 0.05). Conclusions Percutaneous vertebroplasty has significant efficacy in the treatment of vertebral compression fracture, which is superior to the traditional conservative treatment.