Crumb rubber asphalt mixtures: A literature review

Crumb rubber (CR) from end-of-life tyres has been used for several decades to improve asphalt mixtures properties. Three main processes of adding CR have been applied to produce asphalt rubber (AR) mixtures: the wet process, the dry process and the terminal blend process. This paper reviews the state of the practice of AR mixes in pavement technology, presenting some benefits and challenges of these paving materials. The paper presents the evolution of AR mixtures used as well as a discussion on the performance of AR solutions and on life-cycle assessment and emissions, energy consumption and costs, contributing to circular economy.