Submesoscale Vertical Heat Transport at the Kuroshio Extension: Characteristics and Mechanisms

Abstract Submesoscale processes significantly influence the air‐sea interaction, heat budget and the distribution of physical and biogeochemical tracers in the upper‐ocean. We study the spatiotemporal characteristics and generation mechanisms of submesoscale vertical heat transport (SVHT) at the Kuroshio Extension using a submesoscale‐permitting simulation. Compared with the commonly used Boxcar and Hanning filters, the clean‐cut feature of the Butterworth filter in the wavenumber domain makes it a proper filter to diagnose SVHT. SVHT is systematically upward, peaking in winter. Through causality analysis, we find that, among the basic factors (mixed layer depth, strain rate, surface wind stress, and horizontal buoyancy gradient) from the conventional submesoscale generation mechanism scalings, mixed layer depth plays the leading role in modulating the intraseasonal variation of SVHT. Using the budget of submesoscale temperature variance and causality analysis, we find that advection also plays an important role in regulating SVHT. This work suggests that the choice of appropriate spatial filter is important for SVHT diagnosis and including advection may help improve submesoscale parameterization schemes.