Recent advances in kinetic optimizations of cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have been considered an attractive candidate as beyond lithium-ion battery technology due to their abundant reserves, low cost and dendrite-free deposition process. However, one of the main obstacles in utilizing RMBs as a commercial system is the sluggish diffusion kinetics of Mg ions in cathode materials owing to the high charge density and strong electrostatic interactions, thus leading to inferior magnesium-storage capability. The recent tremendous efforts on cathode materials of RMBs provide precious experience, enlightening novel material engineering associated with emerging magnesium electrochemical systems. We first elucidate the underlying battery reaction mechanisms toward rational battery designs. We then summarize the status and issues of cathode materials, present the advanced kinetics optimization strategies and make the in-depth analyses of structure-kinetics correlations for some major research breakthroughs on high-performance batteries. The future development perspectives are also prospected about battery research. This review provides significant guidelines for exploring desirable cathode materials toward advanced magnesium-based energy storage systems.